Anti-il-36r antibodies for the treatment of neutrophilic dermatoses

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods for treating, preventing or ameliorating a neutrophilic dermatosis. The methods of the present invention include administering to a patient suffering from a neutrophilic dermatosis a pharmaceutical composition including an anti-interleukin-36 receptor (anit-IL-36R) antibody.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Sep. 16, 2021, is named 09-705-US-2_SL.txt and is 146,422 bytes in size.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the administration of an anti-interleukin-36 receptor (anit-IL-36R) antibody to a subject with a neutrophilic dermatosis (ND) such as hidradentitis suppurativa (HS) or subcorneal pustulosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson) and the treatment and/or prevention of the neutrophilic dermatosis in the subject. More specifically, the invention relates to the administration of spesolimab to a subject suffering from a neutrophilic dermatosis.

BACKGROUND

Neutrophilic dermatoses are a heterogeneous group of inflammatory skin disorders that present with unique clinical features but are unified by the presence of a sterile, predominantly neutrophilic infiltrate on histopathology. The morphology of cutaneous lesions associated with these disorders is heterogeneous, which renders diagnosis challenging. Moreover, a thorough evaluation is required to exclude diseases that mimic these disorders and to diagnose potential associated infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic processes. While some neutrophilic dermatoses may resolve spontaneously, most require treatment to achieve remission. Delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to significant patient morbidity and even mortality.

A neutrophilic dermatosis may be seen in isolation or more than one type may occur in the same individual. Neutrophilic dermatoses include hidradenitis suppurativa (HS); acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis; acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet syndrome); amicrobial pustulosis of the folds (APF); Behcet disease; Bowel bypass syndrome (bowel-associated dermatitis-arthritis syndrome); bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome (BADAS).

Typical treatments include corticosteroids, topical lotions and moisturizers, antibiotics, anti-viral and anti-fungal agents. Most treatment options, however, offer only temporary, incomplete, symptom relief. Thus, a need exists in the art for novel targeted therapies for the treatment and/or prevention of neutrophilic dermatoses.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention addresses the above need by providing bio-therapeutics, in particular antibodies, which bind to IL-36R as a first- second-, third- or subsequent-line therapy for treating neutrophilic dermatoses.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method for treating, preventing or ameliorating a neutrophilic dermatosis (ND) in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IL-36R antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof (as disclosed herein). In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the anti-IL-36R antibody is spesolimab.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method of treating a skin disorder associated with neutrophilic dermatoses in a patient, said method(s) including administering or having administered to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IL-36R antibody of the present invention or an antigen binding fragment thereof (as disclosed herein). In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the anti-IL-36R antibody is spesolimab.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method of treating skin inflammation associated with neutrophilic dermatoses in a subject, said method including administering or having administered to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IL-36R antibody of the present invention or an antigen binding fragment thereof (as disclosed herein). In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the anti-IL-36R antibody is spesolimab.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method preventing or reducing neutrophilic infiltrates in affected skin tissues in a subject suffering from a neutrophilic dermatosis, said method including administering or having administered to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IL-36R antibody of the present invention or an antigen binding fragment thereof. In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the anti-IL-36R antibody is spesolimab.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method of reducing microbial colonization of the skin in a subject with neutrophilic dermatosis comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IL-36R antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, as disclosed herein. In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the colonization is of a microbe selected from the group consisting of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides spp., molluscum contagiosum virus, Herpes simplex virus, coxsackievirus, vaccinia virus, Candida albicans, Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., Alternaria spp., and Aspergillus spp. In another embodiment relating to this aspect, the microbe is Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In another embodiment relating to this aspect, the S. aureus colonization is reduced by at least 10% or by at least 20% from the baseline following the administration of the anti-IL-36R antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, as disclosed herein. In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the anti-IL-36R antibody is spesolimab.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method of reducing susceptibility to a skin infection in a subject with neutrophilic dermatosis comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IL-36-R antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof (as disclosed herein). In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the skin infection is caused by a microbe selected from the group consisting of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides spp., Herpes simplex virus, molluscum contagiosum virus, coxsackievirus, vaccinia virus, Candida albicans, Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., Alternaria spp., and Aspergillus spp. In another embodiment relating to this aspect, the microbe is Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the anti-IL-36R antibody is spesolimab.

In an embodiment relating to any of the above aspects, a second therapeutic agent is administered to the subject before, after, or concurrent with the anti-IL-36R antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. In a related embodiment, the second therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an anti-bacterial agent, an anti-viral agent, an anti-fungal agent, another IL-36R antagonist, an IgE inhibitor, a corticosteroid, NSAID, an IL-4R antagonist, and IFNγ.

In an embodiment relating to any of the above aspects, the anti-IL-36R antibody includes: a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35, 102, 103, 104, 105 106 or 140 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 or 141 (H-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110, 111 or 142 (H-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3).

In an embodiment relating to any of the above aspects, the anti-IL-36R antibody includes: a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35, 102, 103, 104, 105 106 or 140 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 141 (H-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110, 111 or 142 (H-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3).

In an embodiment relating to any of the above aspects, the anti-IL-36R antibody includes:

-   -   I. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 102 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   II. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 103 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   III. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 104 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   IV. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 105 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or         -   V a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid             sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence             of SEQ ID NO: 106 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ             ID NO: 44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region             comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53             (H-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108,             109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID             NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   VI. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 140 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   VII. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 104 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 141 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110, 111 or 142 (H-CDR2);         the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3).

In an embodiment relating to any of the above aspects, the anti-IL-36R antibody includes:

-   -   (i) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87; or     -   (ii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88; or     -   (iii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89; or     -   (iv) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87; or     -   (v) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88; or     -   (vi) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89; or     -   (vii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100; or     -   (viii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:101; or     -   (ix) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100; or     -   (x) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:101.

In an embodiment relating to any of the above aspects, the anti-IL-36R antibody includes:

-   -   i. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 115; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 125; or     -   ii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 115; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 126; or

iii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127; or

iv. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 118; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125; or

v. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 118; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 126; or

vi. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 118; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127; or

vii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 138; or

viii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 139; or

ix. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 124; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 138.

In an embodiment relating to any of the above aspects and embodiments, the neutrophilic dermatosis is selected from the group consisting of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS); acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis; acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet syndrome); amicrobial pustulosis of the folds (APF); Behcet disease; Bowel bypass syndrome (bowel-associated dermatitis-arthritis syndrome); bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome (BADAS); CARD14-mediated pustular psoriasis (CAMPS); cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes (CAPS); deficiency of interleukin-36 receptor antagonist (DIRTA); deficiency of interleukin-I receptor antagonist (DIRA); erythema elevatum diutinum; Histiocytoid neutrophilic dermatitis; infantile acropustulosis; neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands; neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis; neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis; palisading neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis; plaque psoriasis; pyoderma gangrenosum, acne, and hidradenitis suppurativa (PASH) syndrome; pyoderma gangrenosum (PG); pyoderma gangrenosum and acne (PAPA); pyogenic arthritis; skin lesions of Behcet's disease; Still's disease; subcorneal pustulosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson); synovitis, acne, pustulosis-hyperostosis; ostcitis (SAPHO) syndrome; rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis (RND), and ichthyosis (and its subtypes including netherton syndrome or NS).

In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet syndrome). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is amicrobial pustulosis of the folds (APF). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is Behcet disease. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is bowel bypass syndrome (bowel-associated dermatitis-arthritis syndrome). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome (BADAS). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is CARD14-mediated pustular psoriasis (CAMPS). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is deficiency of interleukin-36 receptor antagonist (DIRTA). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is deficiency of interleukin-I receptor antagonist (DIRA). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is erythema elevatum diutinum. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is Histiocytoid neutrophilic dermatitis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is infantile acropustulosis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is palisading neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is plaque psoriasis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is pyoderma gangrenosum, acne, and hidradenitis suppurativa (PASH) syndrome. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is pyoderma gangrenosum (PG). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is pyoderma gangrenosum and acne (PAPA). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is pyogenic arthritis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is skin lesions of Behcet's disease. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is Still's disease. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is subcorneal pustulosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is synovitis, acne, pustulosis-hyperostosis and ostcitis (SAPHO) syndrome. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis (RND). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is ichthyosis (and its subtypes including netherton syndrome or NS).

In another embodiment relating to any of the above aspects and embodiments described herein, the anti-IL-36R antibody is administered in the range of about 0.001 to about 1000 mg to a subject suffering from a neutrophilic dermatosis.

It will be understood that any of the herein disclosed methods, administration schemes and/or dosing regimens also equally apply to the use of any of the disclosed anti-IL-36R antibodies in such methods, administration schemes and/or dosing regimens: i.e. an anti-IL-36R antibody, as disclosed herein, for use in the treatment, prevention, reducing and/or amelioration of any of the disclosed diseases and/or conditions. In other words, the invention also provides for the use of an anti-IL-36R antibody, as disclosed herein, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, prevention, reducing and/or amelioration of any of the disclosed diseases and/or conditions.

Additional features and advantages of the present invention will-become apparent from a review of the ensuing detailed description-set forth below, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the subject technology. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the present invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide further understanding of the present invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate aspects of the subject technology and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 1 shows the IL-36 antagonist ligands (IL-36RA/IL1F5, IL-38/ILF10) inhibiting the signaling cascade.

FIG. 2 shows IL-36 Ligand expression by in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques in human skin biopsies. It shows formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) skin biopsies from from HS lesional and non-lesional HS samples were purchased from a vendor and using ISH probes, stained for IL-36 α, β, γ. Increased expression of as all three IL36 ligands, α, β γ are seen in HS skin samples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Before the present invention is described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular methods and experimental conditions described, as such methods and conditions may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims.

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a full understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one of ordinarily skilled in the art that the subject technology may be practiced without some of these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and techniques have not been shown in detail so as not to obscure the present invention.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

Without wishing to be bound by this theory, the inventors believe that although the neutrophilic dermatoses (NDs) are a heterogeneous group of conditions, they have common features and overlapping pathophysiology which involves the IL-36 pathway. While a neutrophilic dermatosis is associated primarily with cutaneous manifestations due to accumulation of neutrophils, IL-36 plays an important role in driving disease manifestation, particularly, in pustular NDs such as subcorneal pustulosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson), pustular psoriasis, acute generalized exanthematic pustulosis (AGEP), infantile acropustulosis (IA), Behcet disease, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome, Bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome (BADAS), Neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands (NDDH), Amicrobial pustulosis of the skinfolds (APF). Additionally, blocking IL-36 pathway may be beneficial in skin inflammation with papules, nodules and plaques such as acute febrile neutrophilic dermatoses (Sweet's syndrome), rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis (RND), neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis (NEH), erythema elevatum diutinum (EED) and or with skin ulcerations such as pyoderma gangrenosum (PG). The IL-36 blockade is also beneficial in patients with ichthyosis (and its subtypes including netherton syndrome or NS).

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method for treating, preventing or ameliorating a neutrophilic dermatosis (ND) in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IL-36R antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof (as disclosed herein). In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the anti-IL-36R antibody is spesolimab.

Without wishing to be bound by this theory it is believed that anti-IL-36R antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof bind to human IL-36R and thus interfere with the binding of IL-36 agonists, and in doing so block at least partially the signaling cascade from the IL-36R to inflammatory mediators involved in neutrophilic dermatoses. This is illustrated by FIG. 1. IL-36R is also known as IL-1 RL2 and IL-1 Rrp2. It has been reported that agonistic IL-36 ligands (α, β, or γ) initiate the signaling cascade by engaging the IL-36 receptor which then forms a heterodimer with the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1 RAcP).

The anti-IL36R antibodies of the present invention are disclosed herein an in, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 9,023,995, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Definitions

A phrase such as “an aspect” does not imply that such aspect is essential to the present invention or that such aspect applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an aspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. An aspect may provide one or more examples of the disclosure. A phrase such as “an aspect” may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa. A phrase such as “an embodiment” does not imply that such embodiment is essential to the subject technology or that such embodiment applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an embodiment may apply to all embodiments, or one or more embodiments. An embodiment may provide one or more examples of the disclosure.

The term “about” shall generally mean an acceptable degree of error or variation for the quantity measured given the nature or precision of the measurements. Typical, exemplary degrees of error or variation are within 5% or within 3% or within 1% of a given value or range of values. For example, the expression of “about 100” includes 105 and 95 or 103 and 97 or 101 and 99, and all values in between (e.g., 95.1, 95.2, etc. for range of 95-105; or 97.1, 97.2, etc. for the range of 97-103; 99.1, 99.2, etc. for the range of 99-101). Numerical quantities given herein are approximates unless stated otherwise, meaning that the term “about” can be inferred when not expressly stated.

A “pharmaceutical composition” refers in this context to a liquid or powder preparation which is in such form as to permit the biological activity of the active ingredient(s) to be unequivocally effective, and which contains no additional components which are significantly toxic to the subjects to which the composition would be administered. Such compositions are sterile.

The term “subject” for purposes of treatment refers to any animal classified as a mammal, including humans, domesticated and farm animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, horses, cats, cows, and the like. Preferably, the mammal is human.

As used herein, the terms “treat”, “treating”, or the like, mean to alleviate symptoms, eliminate the causation of symptoms either on a temporary or permanent basis, or to prevent or slow the appearance of symptoms of the named disorder or condition. These terms are meant to include therapeutic as well as prophylactic, or suppressive measures for a disease or disorder leading to any clinically desirable or beneficial effect, including but not limited to alleviation or relief of one or more symptoms, regression, slowing or cessation of progression of the disease or disorder. Thus, for example, the term treatment includes the administration of an agent prior to or following the onset of a symptom of a disease or disorder thereby preventing or removing one or more signs of the disease or disorder. As another example, the term includes the administration of an agent after clinical manifestation of the disease to combat the symptoms of the disease. Further, administration of an agent after onset and after clinical symptoms have developed where administration affects clinical parameters of the disease or disorder, such as the degree of tissue injury, whether or not the treatment leads to amelioration of the disease, comprises “treatment” or “therapy” as used herein. Moreover, as long as the compositions of the invention either alone or in combination with another therapeutic agent alleviate or ameliorate at least one symptom of a disorder being treated as compared to that symptom in the absence of use of the humanized anti-IL-36R antibody composition, the result should be considered an effective treatment of the underlying disorder regardless of whether all the symptoms of the disorder are alleviated or not.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” is used to refer to an amount of an active agent that relieves or ameliorates one or more of the symptoms of the disorder being treated. In another aspect, the therapeutically effective amount refers to a target serum concentration that has been shown to be effective in, for example, slowing disease progression.

Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to describe in their entirety.

As mentioned earlier, the neutrophilic dermatoses (NDs) are a heterogeneous group of conditions that have common features and overlapping pathophysiology. Neutrophilic dermatoses include hidradenitis suppurativa (HS); acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis; acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet syndrome); amicrobial pustulosis of the folds (APF); Behcet disease; Bowel bypass syndrome (bowel-associated dermatitis-arthritis syndrome); bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome (BADAS); CARD14-mediated pustular psoriasis (CAMPS); cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes (CAPS); deficiency of interleukin-36 receptor antagonist (DIRTA); deficiency of interleukin-I receptor antagonist (DIRA); erythema elevatum diutinum; Histiocytoid neutrophilic dermatitis; infantile acropustulosis; neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands; neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis; neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis; palisading neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis; plaque psoriasis; pyoderma gangrenosum, acne, and hidradenitis suppurativa (PASH) syndrome; pyoderma gangrenosum (PG); pyoderma gangrenosum and acne (PAPA); pyogenic arthritis; skin lesions of Behcet's disease; Still's disease; subcorneal pustulosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson); synovitis, acne, pustulosis-hyperostosis; ostcitis (SAPHO) syndrome; rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis (RND), and ichthyosis (and its subtypes including netherton syndrome or NS).

For example, hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent, painful abscesses and fistulous tracts. Patients with HS objectively have one of the lowest quality of life measures of any dermatologic disease. Lesions characteristically occur in the axillary, groin, infra-mammary, and/or anogenital regions of the body. HS lesions may progress to form sinus tracts and expansive abscesses. Sequelae include significant pain, scarring, and psychological distress. The contribution of various inflammatory pathways in driving the disease pathogenesis is emerging. It has been shown that IL36 ligands are upregulated in the lesional skin of HS patients and in circulation (Di Caprio et al., 2017; Hessam et al., 2018 (Thomi et al., 2017).

IL36R is a novel member of the ILUR family that forms a heterodimeric complex with the IL1R accessory protein (IL1 RAcp) and IL1 Rrp2 associated with epithelial mediated inflammation and barrier dysfunction. The heterodimeric IL36R system with stimulating (IL36α, IL36β, IL36γ) and inhibitory ligands (IL36Ra and IL38) shares a number of structural and functional similarities to other members of the IL1/ILR family, such as IL1, IL18 and IL33. All IL1 family members (IL1 α, IL1β, IL1β, IL36α, IL36β, IL36γ, and IL38) signal through a unique, cognate receptor protein which, upon ligand binding, recruits the common IL1 RAcP subunit and activates NFγB and MAP kinase pathways in receptor-positive cell types (Dinarello, 2011; Towne et al., 2004; Towne et al., 2011). Genetic human studies have established a strong link between IL36R signaling and skin inflammation as demonstrated by occurrence of generalized pustular psoriasis in patients with a loss of function mutation in IL36Ra which results in uncontrolled IL36R signaling (Marrakchi et al., 2011).

While there is no animal model data for HS, expression and function of this pathway in various disease relevant cell types link it to skin inflammation. IL36R is expressed in epithelial cells (e.g. keratinocytes, intestinal epithelial cells), dermal fibroblasts, and immune cells (myeloid cells, B cells and T cells). Mice deficient of IL36R receptor had significantly reduced skin inflammation and keratinocyte proliferation compared to wild-type controls.

Given the strong connection between the IL36 pathway and neutrophilic dermatoses, without wishing to be bound by this theory, it is believed that IL36R biology contributes to pathophysiology of these conditions and hence blocking IL36R activation will be beneficial in patients suffering from a neutrophilic dermatosis.

Therefore, the present invention includes methods for treating a subject in need thereof, said method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IL-36R antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof to the subject. As used herein, the expression “a subject in need thereof” means a human or a non-human animal that exhibits one or more symptoms of a neutrophilic dermatosis, e.g., neutrophilic infiltration in affected skin tissues, pustules, etc., and/or who has been diagnosed with a neutrophilic dermatosis condition.

In an embodiment, a subject suffering from a neutrophilic dermatosis may also have a skin infection selected from the group consisting of impetigo, cellulitis, infected dermatitis, eczema herpeticum, folliculitis, infected blister, mycosis, tinea versicolor, Staphylococcus aureus infection, and Streptococcus infection. A microbe that cause the infection includes, but is not limited to Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides spp., Herpes simplex virus, coxsackievirus, molluscum contagiosum virus, vaccinia virus, Candida albicans, Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., Alternaria spp., and Aspergillus spp.

The present invention provides methods to reduce microbial colonization of the skin in a subject with a neutrophilic dermatosis comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IL-36R antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof to the subject. In certain embodiments, the invention provides for methods to reduce colonization of S. aureus on the skin of patients with a neutrophilic dermatosis. In some embodiments, the microbial colonization is reduced by at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, or at least 75% as compared to the baseline, upon administration of the anti-IL-36R antibody.

Microbial colonization may be measured with tests and procedures known in the art, e.g., by PCR, microbial culture, microscopy and staining or immunofluorescence. In certain embodiments, microbial colonization may be measured by the presence of microbial protein biomarkers known in the art, e.g., microbial toxin such as staph toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. Methods for detecting and/or quantifying such biomarkers are known in the art.

Antibodies of the Present Invention

The anti-IL36R antibodies of the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,023,995 or WO2013/074569, the entire content of each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The term “antibody,” as used herein, includes immunoglobulin molecules comprising four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds, as well as multimers thereof (e.g., IgM). In a typical antibody, each heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR or V_(H)) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region comprises three domains, C_(H)1, C_(H)2 and C_(H)3. Each light chain comprises a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or V_(L)) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region comprises one domain (C_(L)1). The V_(H) and V_(L) regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). Each V_(H) and V_(L) is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. In different embodiments of the invention, the FRs of the anti-IL-36R antibody (or antigen-binding portion thereof) may be identical to the human germline sequences, or may be naturally or artificially modified. An amino acid consensus sequence may be defined based on a side-by-side analysis of two or more CDRs.

The term “antibody,” as used herein, also includes antigen-binding fragments of full antibody molecules. The terms “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody, “antigen-binding fragment” of an antibody, and the like, as used herein, include any naturally occurring, enzymatically obtainable, synthetic, or genetically engineered polypeptide or glycoprotein that specifically binds an antigen to form a complex. Antigen-binding fragments of an antibody may be derived, e.g., from full antibody molecules using any suitable standard techniques such as proteolytic digestion or recombinant genetic engineering techniques involving the manipulation and expression of DNA encoding antibody variable and optionally constant domains. Such DNA is known and/or is readily available from, e.g., commercial sources, DNA libraries (including, e.g., phage-antibody libraries), or can be synthesized. The DNA may be sequenced and manipulated chemically or by using molecular biology techniques, for example, to arrange one or more variable and/or constant domains into a suitable configuration, or to introduce codons, create cysteine residues, modify, add or delete amino acids, etc.

Non-limiting examples of antigen-binding fragments include: (i) Fab fragments; (ii) F(ab′)2 fragments; (iii) Fd fragments; (iv) Fv fragments; (v) single-chain Fv (scFv) molecules; (vi) dAb fragments; and (vii) minimal recognition units consisting of the amino acid residues that mimic the hypervariable region of an antibody (e.g., an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) such as a CDR3 peptide), or a constrained FR3-CDR3-FR4 peptide. Other engineered molecules, such as domain-specific antibodies, single domain antibodies, domain-deleted antibodies, chimeric antibodies, CDR-grafted antibodies, diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies, minibodies, nanobodies (e.g. monovalent nanobodies, bivalent nanobodies, etc.), small modular immunopharmaceuticals (SMIPs), and shark variable IgNAR domains, are also encompassed within the expression “antigen-binding fragment,” as used herein.

An antigen-binding fragment of an antibody will typically comprise at least one variable domain. The variable domain may be of any size or amino acid composition and will generally comprise at least one CDR which is adjacent to or in frame with one or more framework sequences. In antigen-binding fragments having a V_(H) domain associated with a V_(L) domain, the V_(H) and V_(L) domains may be situated relative to one another in any suitable arrangement. For example, the variable region may be dimeric and contain V_(H)-V_(H), V_(H)-V_(L) or V_(L)-V_(L) dimers. Alternatively, the antigen-binding fragment of an antibody may contain a monomeric V_(H) or V_(L) domain.

The antibodies used in the methods of the present invention may be human antibodies. The term “human antibody,” as used herein, is intended to include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. The human antibodies of the invention may nonetheless include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo), for example in the CDRs and in particular CDR3. However, the term “human antibody,” as used herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences.

The antibodies used in the methods of the present invention may be recombinant human antibodies. The term “recombinant human antibody,” as used herein, is intended to include all human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as antibodies expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell (described further below), antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library (described further below), antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin genes (see e.g., Taylor et al. (1992) Nucl. Acids Res. 20:6287-6295) or antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involves splicing of human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences. Such recombinant human antibodies have variable and constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. In certain embodiments, however, such recombinant human antibodies are subjected to in vitro mutagenesis (or, when an animal transgenic for human Ig sequences is used, in vivo somatic mutagenesis) and thus the amino acid sequences of the V_(H) and V_(L) regions of the recombinant antibodies are sequences that, while derived from and related to human germline V_(H) and V_(L) sequences, may not naturally exist within the human antibody germline repertoire in vivo.

According to certain embodiments, the antibodies used in the methods of the present invention specifically bind IL-36R. The term “specifically binds,” or the like, means that an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof forms a complex with an antigen that is relatively stable under physiologic conditions. Methods for determining whether an antibody specifically binds to an antigen are well known in the art and include, for example, equilibrium dialysis, surface plasmon resonance, and the like. For example, an antibody that “specifically binds” IL-36R, as used in the context of the present invention, includes antibodies that bind IL-36R or portion thereof with a KD of less than about 1000 nM, less than about 500 nM, less than about 300 nM, less than about 200 nM, less than about 100 nM, less than about 90 nM, less than about 80 nM, less than about 70 nM, less than about 60 nM, less than about 50 nM, less than about 40 nM, less than about 30 nM, less than about 20 nM, less than about 10 nM, less than about 5 nM, less than about 4 nM, less than about 3 nM, less than about 2 nM, less than about 1 nM or less than about 0.5 nM, as measured in a surface plasmon resonance assay. An isolated antibody that specifically binds human IL-36R may, however, have cross-reactivity to other antigens, such as IL-36R molecules from other (non-human) species.

In certain exemplary embodiments related to any aspects of the present invention, the anti-IL-36R antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that can be used in the context of the methods of the present invention includes: a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35, 102, 103, 104, 105 106 or 140 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 or 141 (H-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110, 111 or 142 (H-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3).

According to certain embodiments, the anti-IL-36R antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises:

-   -   I. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 102 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   II. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 103 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   III. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 104 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   IV. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 105 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   V a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 106 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3) or     -   VI. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 140 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   VII. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 104 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 141 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110, 111 or 142 (H-CDR2);         the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3).

According to certain embodiments, the anti-IL-36R antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises:

-   -   (i) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87; or     -   (ii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88; or     -   (iii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89; or     -   (iv) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87; or     -   (v) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88; or     -   (vi) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89; or     -   (vii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100; or     -   (viii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:101; or     -   (ix) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100; or     -   (x) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:101.

According to certain embodiments, the anti-IL-36R antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises:

-   -   i. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 115; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 125; or     -   ii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 115; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 126; or     -   iii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 115; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 127; or     -   iv. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 118; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 125; or     -   v. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 118; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 126; or     -   vi. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 118; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 127; or     -   vii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 123; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 138; or     -   viii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 123; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 139; or     -   ix. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 124; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 138.

In one aspect, described and disclosed herein are anti-IL-36R antibodies, in particular humanized anti-IL-36R antibodies, and compositions and articles of manufacture comprising one or more anti-IL-36R antibody, in particular one or more humanized anti-IL-36R antibody of the present invention. Also described are binding agents that include an antigen-binding fragment of an anti-IL-36 antibody, in particular a humanized anti-IL-36R antibody.

Therapeutic Uses of the Antibodies

Increasingly, the role of neutrophils in skin inflammation is being understood. While the role of IL-36 pathway in generalized pustular psoriasis based on genetics and proven inhibition with spesolimab is clear, the involvement of the same pathway in other similar neutrophilic dermatoses (NDs), which are a heterogeneous set of conditions with common features and overlapping pathophysiology, is being appreciated. While the disease is associated primarily with cutaneous manifestations due to accumulation of neutrophils, the involvement of additional tissues is also seen. Our studies suggest that the IL-36 pathway plays an important role in driving disease manifestations in pustular NDs such as subcorneal pustulosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson), Pustular psoriasis, Palmoplantar pustulosis, Acute generalized exanthematic pustulosis (AGEP), Infantile acropustulosis (IA), Behcet disease, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome, Bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome (BADAS), Neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands (NDDH), Amicrobial pustulosis of the skinfolds (APF). Accordingly, blocking the IL-36 pathway should be beneficial in skin inflammation with papules, nodules and plaques such as acute febrile neutrophilic dermatoses (Sweet's syndrome), rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis (RND), neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis (NEH), erythema elevatum diutinum (EED) and or with skin ulcerations such as pyoderma gangrenosum (PG). The IL-36 blockade should also be beneficial in patients with ichthyosis (and its subtypes including Netherton syndrome or NS)

The present invention provides anti-IL-36R antibodies and a pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-IL-36R antibody for use in reducing, diminishing or blocking the IL-36 pathway which is useful for the treatment or prevention of neutrophilic dermatoses in subjects, preferably humans.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method for treating, preventing or ameliorating a neutrophilic dermatosis (ND) in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IL-36R antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof (as disclosed herein). In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the anti-IL-36R antibody is spesolimab.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method of treating a skin disorder associated with neutrophilic dermatoses in a patient, said method(s) including administering or having administered to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IL-36R antibody of the present invention or an antigen binding fragment thereof (as disclosed herein). In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the anti-IL-36R antibody is spesolimab.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method of treating skin inflammation associated with neutrophilic dermatoses in a subject, said method including administering or having administered to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IL-36R antibody of the present invention or an antigen binding fragment thereof (as disclosed herein). In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the anti-IL-36R antibody is spesolimab.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method preventing or reducing neutrophilic infiltrates in affected skin tissues in a subject suffering from a neutrophilic dermatosis, said method including administering or having administered to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IL-36R antibody of the present invention or an antigen binding fragment thereof. In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the anti-IL-36R antibody is spesolimab.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method of reducing microbial colonization of the skin in a subject with neutrophilic dermatosis comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IL-36R antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, as disclosed herein. In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the colonization is of a microbe selected from the group consisting of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides spp., molluscum contagiosum virus, Herpes simplex virus, coxsackievirus, vaccinia virus, Candida albicans, Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., Alternaria spp., and Aspergillus spp. In another embodiment relating to this aspect, the microbe is Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In another embodiment relating to this aspect, the S. aureus colonization is reduced by at least 10% or by at least 20% from the baseline following the administration of the anti-IL-36R antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, as disclosed herein. In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the anti-IL-36R antibody is spesolimab.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a method of reducing susceptibility to a skin infection in a subject with neutrophilic dermatosis comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-IL-36-R antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof (as disclosed herein). In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the skin infection is caused by a microbe selected from the group consisting of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides spp., Herpes simplex virus, molluscum contagiosum virus, coxsackievirus, vaccinia virus, Candida albicans, Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., Alternaria spp., and Aspergillus spp. In another embodiment relating to this aspect, the microbe is Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In an embodiment relating to this aspect, the anti-IL-36R antibody is spesolimab.

In an embodiment relating to any of the above aspects, a second therapeutic agent is administered to the subject before, after, or concurrent with the anti-IL-36R antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. In a related embodiment, the second therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an anti-bacterial agent, an anti-viral agent, an anti-fungal agent, another IL-36R antagonist, an IgE inhibitor, a corticosteroid, NSAID, an IL-4R antagonist, and IFNγ.

In an embodiment relating to any of the above aspects, the anti-IL-36R antibody includes: a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35, 102, 103, 104, 105 106 or 140 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 or 141 (H-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110, 111 or 142 (H-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3).

In an embodiment relating to any of the above aspects, the anti-IL-36R antibody includes: a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35, 102, 103, 104, 105 106 or 140 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 141 (H-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110, 111 or 142 (H-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3).

In an embodiment relating to any of the above aspects, the anti-IL-36R antibody includes:

-   -   I. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 102 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   II. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 103 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   III. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 104 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   IV. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 105 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   V a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 106 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   VI. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 140 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or     -   VII. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 104 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the         amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 141 (H-CDR1); the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110, 111 or 142 (H-CDR2);         the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3).

In an embodiment relating to any of the above aspects, the anti-IL-36R antibody includes:

-   -   (i) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87; or     -   (ii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88; or     -   (iii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89; or     -   (iv) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87; or     -   (v) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88; or     -   (vi) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89; or     -   (vii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100; or     -   (viii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:101; or     -   (ix) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100; or     -   (x) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; and a heavy chain variable region         comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:101.

In an embodiment relating to any of the above aspects, the anti-IL-36R antibody includes:

-   -   i. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 115; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 125; or     -   ii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 115; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 126; or         -   iii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ             ID NO: 115; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid             sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127; or         -   iv. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ             ID NO: 118; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid             sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125; or     -   v. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 118; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 126; or     -   vi. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 118; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 127; or     -   vii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 123; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 138; or     -   viii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 123; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 139; or     -   ix. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO: 124; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO: 138.

In an embodiment relating to any of the above aspects and embodiments, the neutrophilic dermatosis is selected from the group consisting of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS); acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis; acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet syndrome); amicrobial pustulosis of the folds (APF); Behcet disease; Bowel bypass syndrome (bowel-associated dermatitis-arthritis syndrome); bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome (BADAS); CARD14-mediated pustular psoriasis (CAMPS); cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes (CAPS); deficiency of interleukin-36 receptor antagonist (DIRTA); deficiency of interleukin-I receptor antagonist (DIRA); erythema elevatum diutinum; Histiocytoid neutrophilic dermatitis; infantile acropustulosis; neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands; neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis; neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis; palisading neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis; plaque psoriasis; pyoderma gangrenosum, acne, and hidradenitis suppurativa (PASH) syndrome; pyoderma gangrenosum (PG); pyoderma gangrenosum and acne (PAPA); pyogenic arthritis; skin lesions of Behcet's disease; Still's disease; subcorneal pustulosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson); synovitis, acne, pustulosis-hyperostosis; ostcitis (SAPHO) syndrome; rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis (RND), and ichthyosis (and its subtypes including Netherton syndrome or NS).

In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet syndrome). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is amicrobial pustulosis of the folds (APF). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is Behcet disease. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is bowel bypass syndrome (bowel-associated dermatitis-arthritis syndrome). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome (BADAS). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is CARD14-mediated pustular psoriasis (CAMPS). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is deficiency of interleukin-36 receptor antagonist (DIRTA). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is deficiency of interleukin-I receptor antagonist (DIRA). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is erythema elevatum diutinum. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is Histiocytoid neutrophilic dermatitis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is infantile acropustulosis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is palisading neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is plaque psoriasis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is pyoderma gangrenosum, acne, and hidradenitis suppurativa (PASH) syndrome. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is pyoderma gangrenosum (PG). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is pyoderma gangrenosum and acne (PAPA). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is pyogenic arthritis. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is skin lesions of Behcet's disease. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is Still's disease. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is subcorneal pustulosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is synovitis, acne, pustulosis-hyperostosis and ostcitis (SAPHO) syndrome. In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis (RND). In a related embodiment, the neutrophilic dermatosis is ichthyosis (and its subtypes including Netherton syndrome or NS).

In another embodiment relating to any of the above aspects or embodiments described herein, the anti-IL-36R antibody is administered in the range of 0.001 to 1000 mg to a subject suffering from a neutrophilic dermatosis.

In another embodiment relating to any of the above aspects or embodiments described herein, the anti-IL-36R antibody is spesolimab.

In another embodiment relating to any of the above aspects or embodiments described herein, the therapeutic effective amount of the anti-interleukin-36 receptor (anti-IL-36R) antibody is in the range of about 0.001 to about 1000 mg.

In another embodiment relating to any of the above aspects or embodiments described herein, a second therapeutic agent is administered to the subject before, after, or concurrent with the anti-IL-36R antibody.

In another embodiment relating to any of the above aspects or embodiments described herein, the second therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an anti-bacterial agent, an anti-viral agent, an anti-fungal agent, an anti-IL-36R antibody, an IgE inhibitor, a corticosteroid, a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), an IL-4R antagonist, and IFN-γ.

Pharmaceutical Composition

An antibody of the invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to a subject. The compounds of the invention may be administered alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, and/or excipients, in single or multiple doses. The pharmaceutical compositions for administration are designed to be appropriate for the selected mode of administration, and pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, carrier, and/or excipients such as dispersing agents, buffers, surfactants, preservatives, solubilizing agents, isotonicity agents, stabilizing agents and the like are used as appropriate. Said compositions are designed in accordance with conventional techniques as in e.g., Remington, The Science and Practice of Phannacy, 19th Edition, Gennaro, Ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1995 which provides a compendium of formulation techniques as are generally known to practitioners.

A pharmaceutical composition comprising an anti-IL-36R monoclonal antibody of the present invention can be administered to a subject suffering from a neutrophilic dermatosis as described herein using standard administration techniques including oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, pulmonary, transdermal, intramuscular, intranasal, buccal, sublingual, or suppository administration.

The route of administration of an antibody of the present invention may be oral, parenteral, by inhalation, or topical. Preferably, the antibodies of the invention can be incorporated into a pharmaceutical composition suitable for parenteral administration. The term parenteral as used herein includes intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, rectal, vaginal, or intraperitoneal administration. Peripheral systemic delivery by intravenous or intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection is preferred. Suitable vehicles for such injections are known in the art.

The pharmaceutical composition typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture arid storage in the container provided, including e.g., a sealed vial or syringe. Therefore, pharmaceutical compositions may be sterile filtered after making the formulation, or otherwise made microbiologically acceptable. A typical composition for intravenous infusion could have a volume as much as 250-1000 ml of fluid, such as sterile Ringer's solution, physiological saline, dextrdse solution and Hank's solution and a therapeutically effective dose, (e.g., 1 to 100 mg/mL or more) of antibody concentration. Dose may vary depending on the type and severity of the disease. As is well known in the medical arts, dosages for any one subject depends upon many factors, including the patient's size, body surface area, age, the particular compound to be administered, sex, time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently. A typical dose can be, for example, in the range of 0.001 to 1000 mg; however, doses below or above this exemplary range are envisioned, especially considering the aforementioned factors.

Articles of Manufacture

In another aspect, an article of manufacture containing materials useful for the treatment of the disorders described above is included. The article of manufacture comprises a container and a label. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes. The containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic. The container holds a composition that is effective for treating the condition and may have a sterile access port. For example, the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle. The active agent in the composition is the humanized anti-IL-36R antibody. The label on or associated with the container indicates that the composition is used for treating the condition of choice. The article of manufacture may further comprise a second container comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution, and dextrose solution. It may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.

The invention is further described in the following examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are intended to further illustrate certain preferred embodiments of the disclosure and are not limiting in nature. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain numerous equivalents to the specific substances and procedures described herein.

Example 1: Treating Patients with Neutrophilic Dermatoses

In this example, an anti-IL36R antibody of the present invention is used to treat patients with neutrophilic dermatoses.

Following the administration of the anti-IL-36R antibody, safety and efficacy assessments reveal the following: At least 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, or 90% of the patients show improvements over baseline or as compared to placebo.

Example 2: Treating Patients with a Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS)

In this example, an anti-IL36R antibody of the present invention is used to treat patients with HS.

Following the administration of the anti-IL-36R antibody, safety and efficacy assessments reveal the following: At least 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, or 90% of the patients show improvements over baseline or as compared to placebo.

While certain aspects and embodiments of the invention have been described, these have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms without departing from the spirit thereof. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the invention.

All patents and/or publications including journal articles cited in this disclosure are expressly incorporated herein by reference. 

1. A method for treating a neutrophilic dermatosis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-interleukin-36 receptor (anti-IL-36R) antibody.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the neutrophilic dermatosis is selected from the group consisting of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS); acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis; acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet syndrome); amicrobial pustulosis of the folds (APF); Behcet disease; Bowel bypass syndrome (bowel-associated dermatitis-arthritis syndrome); bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome (BADAS); CARD14-mediated pustular psoriasis (CAMPS); cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes (CAPS); deficiency of interleukin-36 receptor antagonist (DIRTA); deficiency of interleukin-I receptor antagonist (DIRA); erythema elevatum diutinum; Histiocytoid neutrophilic dermatitis; infantile acropustulosis; neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands; neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis; neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis; palisading neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis; plaque psoriasis; pyoderma gangrenosum, acne, and hidradenitis suppurativa (PASH) syndrome; pyoderma gangrenosum (PG); pyoderma gangrenosum and acne (PAPA); pyogenic arthritis; skin lesions of Behcet's disease; Still's disease; subcorneal pustulosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson); synovitis, acne, pustulosis-hyperostosis and ostcitis (SAPHO) syndrome; rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis (RND), and ichthyosis (and its subtypes including Netherton syndrome or NS).
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-IL-36R antibody comprises: I. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or II. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or III. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or IV. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or V. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or VI. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 140 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53 (H-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110 or 111 (H-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3); or VII. a) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26 (L-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104 (L-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44 (L-CDR3); and b) a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 141 (H-CDR1); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, 108, 109, 110, 111 or 142 (H-CDR2); the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 (H-CDR3).
 4. The method claim 1, wherein the anti-IL-36R antibody comprises: (i) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77; and a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87; or (ii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77; and a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88; or (iii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77; and a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89; or (iv) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; and a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87; or (v) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; and a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88; or (vi) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; and a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89; or (vii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; and a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100; or (viii) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; and a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:101; or (ix) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; and a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100; or (x) a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; and a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:101.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-IL-36R antibody comprises: i. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125; or ii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 126; or iii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127; or iv. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 118; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125; or v. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 118; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 126; or vi. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 118; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127; or vii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 138; or viii. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 139; or ix. a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 124; and a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 138. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the anti-IL-36R antibody is spesolimab.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutic effective amount of the anti-interleukin-36 receptor (anti-IL-36R) antibody is in the range of about 0.001 to about 1000 mg.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a second therapeutic agent is administered to the subject before, after, or concurrent with the anti-IL-36R antibody.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the second therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of an anti-bacterial agent, an anti-viral agent, an anti-fungal agent, an anti-IL-36R antibody, an IgE inhibitor, a corticosteroid, a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), an IL-4R antagonist, and IFN-γ.
 10. The method of claim 2, wherein the neutrophilic dermatosis is hidradenitis suppurativa (HS).
 11. The method of claim 2, wherein the neutrophilic dermatosis is ichthyosis (and its subtypes including Netherton syndrome or NS). 